Hydrogen Potential from Coal, Natural Gas, Nuclear, and Hydro Power

Hydrogen can work as an energy carrier from multiple energy sources.  Here is the conversion factors for 1 kg of hydrogen from a National Renewable Energy Lab document.

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Hydrogen from coal: 7.6 kg of coal/kg hydrogen

Hydrogen from natural gas: 4.5 normal cubic meters/kg of hydrogen

Hydrogen from nuclear and hydro power: 58.8 kWh/kg of hydrogen

On average, about 3 gallons of water are needed to produce 1 kg of hydrogen

1 kg of hydrogen can potentially displace 4.35 kg or 1.58 gallons of gasoline

The document also has maps showing possible sources of Hydrogen.  Below is Nuclear and Hydro.

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Google Electric Company is a popular concept, but most are missing energy storage as the strategy

I am having fun writing ideas on the GreenM3 blog.  There is so much going on now in the Green area and data centers, I can’t keep up with all the news. One of the latest news stories is Google filing with FERC for energy company status for Google Energy, creating a Google Electric company.

Google Energy

Energy

I’ve been watching the news to see if there is any particular insightful comments.  I wrote about the concept of Google Electric company in Nov 28, 2007.  Yes, 2 years ago.

Nov 28, 2007

Google Electric Company - Core Competency?

Larry Dignan on http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/?p=7149

Wrote a blog about the issue of Google getting into the energy business. This somehow seems like it is in Google's DNA when faced with make vs buy, they favor make.  They've done this with their OS and Servers they run their platform on.  Now, they are extending out to make their own electricity.

Google News does a good job of showing the various discussions.

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I have a few friends who work at Google and it easy to run thought experiments of what is not being discussed.

Thought experiments are devices of the imagination used to investigate the nature of things. We need only list a few of the well-known thought experiments to be reminded of their enormous influence and importance in the sciences: Newton's bucket, Maxwell's demon, Einstein's elevator, Heisenberg's gamma-ray microscope, Schrödinger's cat. The same can be said for their importance in philosophy. Much of ethics, philosophy of language, and philosophy of mind is based firmly on the results of thought experiments.

What I think Google has seen is energy storage from renewable energy sources – PV, Solar, and wind is essential.  I joked and questioned Google as an electric company 2 years ago, but a lot has happened in two years, and it makes sense from one point of view that Google' learn to store information as it stores information (indexing the web) and delivers higher value information when users need it.  To do this with electricity, Google needs to be able to buy and sell electricity.

As the largest consumer of data center electricity in the world, except for the US Fed Gov’t, Google is in a unique situation to use information to deliver higher value electricity. 

Also, Google Energy’s expertise as a power company will allow it to figure out how to lower its energy costs and carbon impact over the long run.  This is a not a new concept and has been used by industries like pulp and paper mills with their own power generation and water supplies.  Which fits in Google buying the pulp and paper mil in Finland.

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Social Networking as a Strategic Advantage at University of Missouri, a future data center education Nexus

I was in Columbia, Missouri in Dec 2009 to discuss data centers as the area is at the center of the US, and there is a shortage of data center inventory compared to other areas. I had a chance to meet the Provost of University of Missouri (Mizzou), Brian Foster, to discuss how GreenM3 could work with Mizzou on data center innovation.  The meeting turned out to be one of my best meetings in 2009. 

Why was Brian Foster so interesting? One of the concepts we discussed is the social networking effect going on in the data center industry and how Mizzou could participate as an educational institution and a nexus for data center innovation.  An example of the nexus potential is there are five high voltage power grids converging on a site in Columbia which allows interesting experiments for power use by data centers, power generation from renewable energy, and energy storage.

image Photo of Brian Foster

Well, it turns out Brian’s Ph.D is in Anthropology and he has studied for many years the social networking effect.

The scientific study of the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of humans.

One of the ideas Brian discussed was Mizzou Advantage.  Here is an introduction.

The strategic initiatives will not become new “centers,” “institutes,” or similar units. Rather they will be networks of collaborators in a wide range of activities: research grants, conferences and other academic events, clinical operations, public education, economic development, academic programs, and large scale clinical trials, development of specialized facilities, to name a few possibilities. It is likely that the network structure will morph continuously as projects come and go, as individuals’ interests shift, as organizations’ agendas change, and as environmental conditions evolve—e.g., funding potential, regulatory environment, and political support. Each initiative must have strong leadership—a senior faculty member who will facilitate the network relationships, maintain contact with funding sources, provide a compelling public voice for the initiative, work with MU departments in hiring faculty contributors, and develop research facilities (e.g., labs, studios). In short, the leader of each initiative will bring together the people and other resources to make the initiative effective.

Brian Foster’s vision has five areas of focus that will follow the structure described in the previous paragraph.

  1. Food for the Future
  2. New Media
  3. One Health, One Medicine
  4. Sustainable Energy
  5. Understanding and managing disruptive and transformational technologies.

Before I drill into the area of interest for GreenM3 let me point to the history of the Strategic Advantages project.

In the current political and economic environment it is clear that universities must have a strategic plan that provides the "roadmap" for disciplined allocation of resources over a long period of time to build the requisite infrastructure and other elements of program distinction. To achieve stature, the University must identify a carefully defined set of "strategic advantages" which provide the points of reference for positioning the institution uniquely in the world of higher education. Thus, unique facilities, outstanding faculty, environmental assets, potential partners, and other potential university resources must lead us to define a set of areas in which we will achieve high stature. The areas must be chosen such that MU is positioned well in the competitive environment. These identified strategic advantages will become key elements for the strategic plan, much like the mission statement, values, and other foundational MU principles.

The first area of interest is Sustainable Energy.

• MU has many assets in the area of sustainable energy, both research and educational. The MU reactor is a strong asset for research and training in the nuclear energy (though it is currently underdeveloped in the energy area), and biofuels is an area of considerable research capacity and of local agribusiness interest.
• The sustainable energy initiative intersects with many other educational, research, economic development, and service programs including environmental sciences, nuclear science and engineering, public policy, economics, business, architectural studies, journalism and public information/education, transportation, basic sciences (chemistry, physics, biological sciences, geological sciences), agriculture, history, psychological and cultural studies, agricultural economics, and rural sociology.
• Energy may be the single most promising area for federal funding over the next decade.

The second area is disruptive technologies.

• MU’s strategic initiatives all are in areas in which existing technologies and all that is based on them are fundamentally changing: media, agribusiness, biomedical sciences, and energy. These changes are both transformational (opening stunning new opportunities) and disruptive (destroying existing businesses, jobs, and other ways of doing things). Implications of these dramatic changes need to be understood for the benefit of policy, business, and socio-cultural adaptation to changing times.
• This topic touches on virtually every part of the university, including business, legal, policy, economic, ethical, health, education, entertainment, arts, history, environment, standard of living, quality of life, climate, and transportation. MU’s strategic initiatives, which are based on Missouri’s position in these areas, provide a virtual laboratory for studying four key areas of disruptive and transformational technologies. Understanding these dynamics would position Missouri and the U.S. favorably in the rapidly evolving world economic, political, business, and cultural environment.

New Media is appealing to drive change in the industry.

• Builds on MU’s world-class Journalism, including the Reynolds Institute, which does research on the rapidly changing media world; it also builds on Engineering and other work on digital technologies, on Communication Studies, and on many other disciplines that touch on media production and/or business models.
• This thrust intersects with nearly every college in the University, including Business (studies of the rapidly changing business model), applied ethics, public policy, graphic design, digital arts, creative writing, and many subject-matter areas (e.g., arts, athletics, politics, social issues, economics and business, health, agriculture, environment, public policy, religion, and science)

Here is a video that provides background for the development of the initiative with Brian and his faculty discussing the ideas more.

MU Strategic Advantages Open Forum, March 2, 2009 - Link to video!

As the new year develops, I’ll be writing more on the opportunities for the Mizzou Advantage.

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Fuel Cell facts published by US DOE

Fuel Cells are getting more news and has potential for use in data centers.  Here is a DOE site that provides some good facts on the current and projected numbers for operating fuel cells.

One is for Natural Gas.

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and another is for Diesel.

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What I didn’t know is the current standards for start-up time from 20 degrees C.  60 minutes for a natural gas CHP solution.

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UTC Power explains two different fuel cell technologies that illustrate the start-up time issue.

Phosphoric Acid fuel cells (PAFCs):  Phosphoric acid fuel cells use liquid phosphoric acid as the electrolyte. UTC Power's family of stationary power plants, produced since 1991, are PAFC power plants and highly efficient - total efficiency of 90 percent is achievable when waste heat produced by the fuel cell is used for co-generation. PAFC power plants are usually large, heavy and require warm-up time. Because of this, PAFCs are used mainly for stationary applications.


Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells:  PEM fuel cells, also known as polymer electrolyte fuel cells, are a type of fuel cell currently under development at most fuel cell companies. PEM fuel cells use a thin solid membrane as an electrolyte. These fuel cells deliver high power density and offer the advantages of low weight and volume, compared to other fuel cells. These fuel cells also operate at relatively low temperatures, around 175°F. Low temperature operation allows them to start quickly (less warm-up time), which makes them particularly well suited for transportation applications such as automobiles and fleet vehicles.

So, if you thinking of fuel cells in the data center, you may want to use them as the primary power and have the grid as back-up.  DataCenterKnowledge referenced customers who currently take this approach.

Hydrogen Fuel Cells Power Bank Data Center

December 30th, 2008 : Rich Miller

Green data centersThe First National Bank of Omaha wanted to ensure that its data center couldn’t be knocked offline by a tornado or power outage. So in 1999 it built a new data center in the underground levels of its Omaha building, encased in concrete walls that can withstand winds of 260 miles per hour. The facility is also powered by hydrogen fuel cells, operating completely “off the grid.”

Both the Verizon and Fujitsu facilities use fuel cell systems from UTC. APC recently introduced Fuel Cell Extended Run (FCXR), a hydrogen-based fuel cell backup solutionthat integrates with the company’s InfraStruXure racks and enclosures. MGE and Siemens also tested fuel cell solutions for data centers, but later discontinued the programs, according to SearchDataCenter.

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Sewage treatment plants using methane for fuel cell power generation

Note:  One lesson from the later part of this post is plan on a hybrid of natural gas and digester gas to run the fuel cell.  Don’t think you will run only on the sewage produced methane.  And the manufacturer, fuel cell says this too.

In many applications digester gas production volume is variable. In such applications, the plant can be designed to operate with automatic blending with natural gas.  Over 30% of FuelCell Energy's Direct FuelCell® (DFC®) installations operate on renewable biogas.

economist.com has article on sewage (waste) treatment plants as a source of energy.

Renewable energy

The seat of power

Dec 30th 2009
From The Economist print edition

Better sewage treatment is the latest thing in clean energy

Illustration by David Simonds

WHERE there’s muck, there’s brass—or so the old saying has it. The cynical may suggest this refers to the question of who gets what, but thoughtful readers may be forgiven for wondering, while they are recovering from the excesses of Christmas in the smallest room in the house, what exactly happens when they flush the toilet.

The answer is encouraging. Less and less waste, these days, is actually allowed to go to waste. Instead, it is used to generate biogas, a methane-rich mixture that can be employed for heating and for the generation of electricity. Moreover, in an age concerned with the efficient use of energy, technological improvements are squeezing human fecal matter to release every last drop of the stuff. Making biogas means doing artificially to faeces what would happen to them naturally if they were simply dumped into the environment or allowed to degrade in the open air at a traditional sewage farm—namely, arranging for them to be chewed up by bacteria. Capturing the resulting methane has a double benefit. As well as yielding energy, it also prevents what is a potent greenhouse gas from being released into the atmosphere.

MSNBC.com had an article in 2004 on fuel cells and methane for power generation.

Poop power? Sewage turned into electricity

Fuel cells and waste sludge mix to power treatment plant

Miguel Llanos

Reporter

msnbc.com

updated 9:31 a.m. PT, Mon., July 19, 2004

RENTON, Wash. - It's not as neat as spinning straw into gold, but what Greg Bush gets to do in the world of sewage treatment is pretty magical: making electricity from what's flushed down the sewer. And he does it using fuel cells, technology that's cleaner and more efficient than traditional power generation.

How it works
The largest project of its type in the world, the process goes like this: Biodegradable solid waste is sent to large tanks, called digesters, that provide a home for three to four weeks. There bacteria eat away at the waste, releasing methane gas and further reducing the amount of solid waste.

FUEL CELL PLANT AND DIGESTER TANKS

James Cheng / MSNBC.com

Four large digester tanks sit behind the fuel cell power plant at the wastewater treatment plant in Renton, Wash.

 

 

 

The fuel cells mentioned by MSBBC in King County are no longer in use.  But, here is the executive summary of the results, published in Apr 2009.

Final Report, King County Fuel Cell Demonstration Project

Issued April 2009

Final Report CoverExecutive Summary

Increasing energy costs, more stringent air emission regulations, and an interest in exploring emerging energy technologies prompted King County, Washington, to search for new and innovative ways to provide electricity for its wastewater treatment plants. In June 2004, the county began a two-year demonstration of a fuel cell power plant to be fueled by gas produced through anaerobic digestion of solids produced at its South Treatment Plant. The project was the first application in the country to use digester gas to fuel a molten carbonate fuel cell.

King County’s fuel cell power plant was sized to produce 1 megawatt (MW) of electricity and was designed to capture waste heat from the fuel cell exhaust and return it to the treatment plant. Two project goals were established:

  • Demonstrate that the molten carbonate fuel cell technology can be adapted to use anaerobic digester gas as a fuel source.
  • Achieve a nominal plant power output target of 1 MW using either digester gas or natural gas.

Both goals were achieved during the two‑year demonstration period. A number of secondary objectives (performance goals) were also met.

The final pdf is here.

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